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- <text id=91TT0517>
- <title>
- Mar. 11, 1991: "Kuwait is Liberated"
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Mar. 11, 1991 Kuwait City:Feb. 27, 1991
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE GULF WAR, Page 18
- "Kuwait is Liberated"--George Bush, February 27, 1991
- </hdr><body>
- <p> WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO...
- </p>
- <p> THE REPUBLICAN GUARD
- </p>
- <p> The nine divisions of the 125,000-strong Republican Guard
- were supposed to be Saddam's strategic reserve, his fearsome
- ace in the hole, the best-equipped and -trained of his
- soldiers. If the allies broke through fixed Iraqi defenses and
- the armored divisions backing them up, the Guard would pounce
- and drive the intruders back. When the allied invasion came,
- the Iraqi plan fell apart. Coalition forces broke through in
- several places along the Kuwaiti border and swept into Iraq far
- to the west. Without air reconnaissance, neither Baghdad nor
- the Guard's division commanders knew where the main thrust was
- nor where they should direct a counterattack. They were unable
- to communicate with one another, and continuous air attacks
- kept them from moving out to reconnoiter. Though some of the
- Guards put up a fight and allied officers called them "good
- soldiers," they were destroyed piecemeal.
- </p>
- <p> CHEMICAL WEAPONS
- </p>
- <p> Before they launched their ground attack, allied commanders
- were concerned that Iraqi artillery might inundate their troops
- with poison gas and nerve agents. In fact, not a single
- chemical weapon was fired, even though U.S. Marines found
- stocks of poison-gas shells in frontline positions. General
- Schwarzkopf said he did not know why the Iraqis failed to use
- them, but he speculated that their artillery--the main
- delivery system for chemical shells--was too badly damaged to
- launch a concerted attack. It is also possible that the
- chemicals themselves were no longer potent after being stored
- for months at the front. Another explanation: allied forces
- broke through Iraqi defenses so quickly and were moving so fast
- that the surviving artillery units, lacking airborne spotters,
- could not locate their opponents. The fear of being held
- personally responsible for the use of chemical weapons may also
- have deterred Iraqi commanders or even Saddam from issuing the
- order. British officers said communications between Baghdad and
- the field were so disrupted that it might have been impossible
- for Saddam to transmit the order in any case. Finally, the
- weather had turned rainy and windy, a less than ideal
- environment for using gas or nerve agents, and the wind was
- blowing from the south, which could have carried any chemicals
- in the air right back into Iraqi faces.
- </p>
- <p> AIR DEFENSES
- </p>
- <p> Iraqi skies were protected by an air force of 800 combat
- planes and thousands of antiaircraft missiles and artillery
- pieces. These defenses looked more capable than those of North
- Vietnam, which ended up destroying hundreds of American
- aircraft. But Iraq's forces proved far less effective. Only 36
- U.S. and allied planes were shot down, though Washington had
- been expecting to lose as many as 200. After 36 of his aircraft
- were destroyed in combat, Saddam sent most of his best planes
- to sanctuary in Iran and grounded the rest of the air force.
- Allied electronic jamming and antiradiation missiles put Iraq's
- radar tracking systems out of operation. Iraqi missiles and
- antiaircraft guns could then only be fired blind. While they
- filled the sky with fire, they presented little threat to
- allied bombers.
- </p>
- <p> THE FRONT LINE
- </p>
- <p> With elaborate fortifications in the sand, Saddam tried to
- fight his last war over again. His frontline troops built
- triangular forts, dug bunkers, sowed minefields, piled up
- barriers and filled ditches with oil. Attackers were to be
- channeled into killing zones targeted by Iraqi artillery, which
- was the strongest weapon Iraq had used against Iran. This time
- the static defense did not hold. Preoccupied with hanging on
- to newly conquered Kuwait, Saddam did not extend his
- fortifications more than a few miles beyond the Saudi-Kuwaiti
- border. Coalition forces easily outflanked the "Saddam line."
- Even along the gulf coast, where U.S. and Saudi troops did
- attack straight north into Kuwait, Iraq's war-weary, underfed
- frontline army lacked the will to man the barricades. The
- allies quickly slashed through.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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